A simple formula applied to each player's in-game stats, computed from ESPN's per-player box score:
impact = 6.0 + goals × 1.0 + assists × 0.7 + shotsOnTarget × 0.1 + tackles × 0.05 + interceptions × 0.05 + saves (GK) × 0.05 + captain bonus × 0.1 − yellowCards × 0.3 − redCards × 1.5 clamped to [5.0, 9.5]
⚠ This is NOT a professional rating (like Sofascore or WhoScored). It's a transparent composite of in-game contribution from publicly available stats. Use as a quick heuristic only.